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The ineffectual Stimson Doctrine guided US policy in Asia for the next decade. But the United States refused to recognize the new regime or any other forced upon China under the Stimson Doctrine, named after Secretary of State and future Secretary of War Henry L. Japan installed a puppet government in Manchuria, renaming it Manchukuo. That year Japan took its first step toward building a Japanese empire in eastern Asia by invading Manchuria, a fertile, resource-rich province in northern China. While the United States and Japan jockeyed peaceably for influence in eastern Asia for many years, the situation changed in 1931. To a certain extent, the conflict between the United States and Japan stemmed from their competing interests in Chinese markets and Asian natural resources. Japan’s process of imperial expansion, however, put it on a collision course with the United States, particularly in relation to China. As Japan industrialized during the late 19th century, it sought to imitate Western countries such as the United States, which had established colonies in Asia and the Pacific to secure natural resources and markets for their goods. While Japan’s deadly assault on Pearl Harbor stunned Americans, its roots stretched back more than four decades. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, decimating the US Pacific Fleet. (Image: Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-1663.) Top Image: Propaganda poster developed by the Office of War Information following the attack on Pearl Harbor.